Which of the following ;axty jymu;n -1o5oi3rm(fx p 0a,q-zis the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperat3u /bu1lefm q-ure of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of indiu 5yjxw7rxh(rc9y 6s; vidual molecules is referred toj;h5yxx(7ry 9 scw ru6 as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a r( 5p-rvgf2yaswimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both t5ag- 2vrry fp(he cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of qfyfx 6j3j p(;ia-/ a ja;kx;man ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed 7)bcs fbh s):bf;tk7g until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressures h: )7gb k;bb)ftscf7. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internalqr f thg03 5+tbtsy;f tus sd70.jq(q: energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically is thathxe2)eq x g+h.

  It is a well-known fact that water oc0t2 e 9dh6mwhas a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. W ho069tcwd2 mehich statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluhjb;*e omayp4 d (k+x3minum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of bh(oyxd* ae;3m4k+pjaluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a 9e +bsk:lu4 bmryh6+9cjfu p)substance from the solid to the liquid state is referred to as t s+b m u:yp4f)kub99j +rhce6lhe

  The heat required to change a substa 9 x5dyj3mq tz6:l,chsnce from the liquid to the vapor state is referred tth9 cz,5x jy:d ms3l6qo as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady r th-towi382 plcn42m twmlj8u o28bw2 ate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesauv- v07sfhs1

  When a liquid evapora(d:in 4d ;1kpqzva9mytes

  When a vapor condens 3fenmnn6o/,/icc8h m es

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into wak,tu b g,;v5crlt.f1f ter droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains.v1kft .l;rf,g 5uc,b t This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling wp 7 57tawt ly)9s0xaleater causes

  Equal masses of water at rlktq*yr34) q37pjc q$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows byr3tjqe9m uv ;mz ,8mu6 means of molecular collisions is referred to ae,8;uqv jmtu 6z mr39ms

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does o6 oixi:f,k+yw.)zrd q ne end of an iron bar become hot when the other endiwryzfq x:+ k6.o )id, is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the tmue9ch((h fv;ll,v 5pouch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of thee (uvm5lh l;c,(9fhvp following physical property?

  If you double the thic y2 ufi(-tpjcn6h6oi-bmb :0rf lp9e0 kness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difl(00 oynrc b: u2pep66j h b-tf9fmii-ference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed o.h0iugx - 8lyun a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the e.gu-xuiyl8 h0 ffective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one placqv)w+p9w z 4 v :c5-bzu0lepmoe to anot0zpz-w 9elm)5+ocub pw4v v :qher is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated5agg*zgof e;e/9 j l5v on a stove?

  Convection can occurdhn+4*9 q de .e;ubqkv6 dtw0v

  Which of the following best expvq44pxsiul1b,* o l w(lains why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body temperature?siqx14u4,l l b*w pov(

  A spaceship is drifting in an environmentd ga:kum-n5 5+enly;oknu j+0 where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convectionky50jnko uugln : a+e-dn5+m; currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materials. Ond1m48b 0a csqle of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to mainta cqm0d14bs 8alin the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doublpnfw8n982bnrw7*jy:vef8 )0q p hmdaed, by what factor does the radiating power change9:*nh0a)n7nfyw rwf dpq 2p mbvej888 ?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is ru2x8adj0n01 g- h+3iigtvsvg eferred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mefyr1 v+e*sh9 -j .f --cqkhgoschanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to h: p31 )tvf vo;tu1lxurow much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how mu- jpasf6po) hr-yz4v; y 2bz/kch work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raisc3oipc3-nj : g meq;5se the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water k6oyut d),qa 9/p(mst, what is the resulting temperaturkpq/oyda69s )tt(m,u e change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum bloo+ahp -m)- ffxck is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the5vyi sw kbmr8ng* 7*1w temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of wato:srk4v i(v:2s-9vd u-pad d der at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much w(0 elq5kjs5y u+wba):iz4 yyheat is added to the gear if the temperature inc esy5yuza04kywj5:i+ )l (wqb reases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated tv/1p2 aki ys +dza*vp,o $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copbr wi mn-3r0n/f e63zpper, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material atsg m5e)lrr:1r $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make ks91 2 cqqakaa e(,2acup a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial tempe2(qc1s c 9ka aa2ae,kqrature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule kpq fj*92,1sksei( hrattempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by i*hq e2s k,91kpsjr(fmeasuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that 3mtm 4 y(t3cntall the gravitational energy is converted to th3ttymcm (tn 34ermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater us nw ooc2z6cp*kre.+*,esur *ij/uz6 nes 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would iteep6* szr /u.w2rknco*o,i+zn * j u6c take to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg, ph8xh/yy g(y of wat8y phy (y,x/hger from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (matec6i7 jj.s6ue nv*(eqw (h7yss 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knilqyz*ibir7f4* i5.nz fe blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it tp9e 946 we z;fhqe-ejio liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kj7yz)l)yaxo8 z;w r1 sg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g of izw1)8jrysazxyol ;) 7ce?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ice i8uj8 to m8os-at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed e cfo+ t7 xqq9su-qz6s5qd6 up)zqc0+from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g-ykt39x p u*zw of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initia +d2-s.pbf8zx2ic ;n(x dgdgrlly at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a6g6, ;c zr1 uv7f99slezlazv lt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to c;kjw8 b*2bhm7vxy ad 6hange 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to c9- z,que6 z/ ldfh.hrjne:5l dhange one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to changeb8pcmc 2 t hllan-d:ti3+6f2s 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initiallypidk n3i- ez4+c81uom at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat *bdm uwq 5w2 l+6o9fquof vaporization is 207 kcaw u +fqql9 25wdo*bmu6l/kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete 4ftnkr xr0;,.ff ;dau is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conducti0ho4lc f4v) drvity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined tog0h4clfr d )v4oether end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the oadzvvy,; c8j; utside temperature;jy8vvcd a ;z, is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m byb-gvy)8kjx v 0 1.5 m. If the outside temperatury8gk- ) 0vbxvje is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concretsn0wk-dlf23h2dy: x we dx w-k:lynw2d 3fh2s0($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,- yg-l v;mwti(000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 40)sv* zh)m 4j4/xicbp7fsod td*wz 3 z,00 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, ;bhgb 4,;c 3sgynt;:gtgi( evthe temperature is monitored by measuring gs(3 4biy,net;;cg:bgv gth ;the radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body .k;yf, s-uzw lb;+priradiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collem)he-sm +:/m19wn +oxxk eaicctor (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.