Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32 mgyt.gp,q ;*q-4, that could produce a ; qtgm.py qg,*$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speexfo6*s q x2+rnd, so that its kinetic energy is much greater than its rest energxonfsr 6*x+2qy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to the dfq5h / epa)i; xy,5urconstituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our norm aqy i,feuhp/;x)d5 r5al world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagneti+xlpq* d; eydkv: k::nc interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of2x k z 1u-ka+cpi(bn2o a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak inte b (122kzp-xac uink+oraction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction even though t f;rx .ohk v3oc-w.ngk/y)h7qhe neutron and one of its x.c7n)rof ohy3 ;-w vq ./ghkkdecay products (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitat. . 9yawq beerx qh,9fcez:j/9ional) does an electron take part in? Ab9 ,qfc99r/.heq xajwey.ze : neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are con9v81cnhz 3t7 x6wrt +syxnscq(k:r c3q 4rc/bserved in each of the decays in Table: +c nrr 871q hbqcrswt9t6ksccvx3y/(z n43x 32-2.

Which of the particle deca5mn0tvd3t,h 0qyz +cow+vk w0ys in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interacz0vw 05dk n ohq3cty+w0tm,v+tion?

Which of the particle decays ip yjb,p1x.hkh* f 0g1xz id53xn Table 32-2 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why,ony+b3m4v*13 xb bv b0n/udby does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the electromag2 f)jakuwxe3+ netic interacti+ )wjx3ek fu2aon?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occu)vk yzn ::nd-9hnpxo4 r by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was masj1t7coqakqz;e.g4 8 9nqra*nsless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and di 7 8eran4q*zq;k 91no actjg.qd not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle to bz)r+z4 o3anme rogr89)ja0ppe both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chnfq cj m-h;.6 m4am7bwromodynamics, would it be possible to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two qmhqn ;46jmw-fa c7mb.uarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay.kvw /bt94kx;d7 j ) 0qkmeibb when they are free but not when they are inside the nucleukd97 m);e4tqxvk/w ki0b. bjbs?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 Gixgs6*(3 w tmxeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV electrons. E bgo 2/6mvk nhg t56zi:=    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyc*xfi e+n6il4w lotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one compltzo/- 4/s*dak mct /tu exa+h(ete revolution for a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab acceleh/t ts4ut /ka ezaxdm(o-+*c/rator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 accele57+h aj3fz.y3 wvi jlbrated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleus: 30-Med1;u-csj(uy ;a fa2xu9m sg u*V alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a 1 muasg c*u ;yu-x2s;(a9fdjunucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyc)q bkusqrw+v xwh5*6/lotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons makek qqw/x +w rbv65*hus) to reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengd)(3a/lnmpom) q kl +)tpx.drth ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 4wqnn deb2z+u-(*vc//hv olt m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used towfxzyu()x8:ns5i; r r : ljni3+;luqp house the magnets for the Large Hadron Colli58q:uzl3x(wxpr nir+yf s)l; jn;:ui der (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron tak 13nu 4rn an8pzy:vpu9r b7mj:es about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The9 nyp73jmruu z1 :4vapnn8b :r acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a par 8j*xqs /vca1aticle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is n xijv8b9/hmi :8mc .jmx *xw+alt33kqeeded at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV prottm38jq3/v8+cbk. h a9 ii:wxlx* jxmmons? B =    T

  How much energy is released in the decayi w:oqquq:y33 $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is released wc42pzy0k v799 ejtf5z: w skiahen a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required (11gr wzy9k ekk0olh,to produce a neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong lb+xc1)s)pe 2wq d3(vxu 6fi:rakjq 1force if the mediating particle were the kaon inste1)x)r q 6:axwpdc efj+i1(qvbu2s 3lkad of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal speeds. What minimum kineq00ve y i4qz8 kj-m azvgp/97ttic energy must each have if atqi zv -/4qap890 kjmzy e7g0v $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons each have if they are traveling a4faszr * tj.b9t the same speed toward eaj .b*tz94 rfsach other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given thr;80 f7 p2 se/vphdnzxe masses of the W and Z particles as abo8p sveh/rnz fxp2d;70 ut 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced when a proton an 7eu xl1. k;wm,qxn3ypd antiproton at rest aq wpnl1m,u ;xy.kx 3e7nnihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is impossb 4:*tthigj87*g zzjaible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result hj4jzt *a:g7 b 8iz*tgin mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengtk2y9 u7xrgfn ;5zz lc*hs of the two photons produced when an electron and a positron, each wixku75 lzng2fc;9* y rzth 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and degd4*uln 2 6 0 owbtint.tfoe+1cays are possible? For those forbidden, explain what laws are violat+ig n1ot wto4u6 b*.t 2n0eldfed.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of ejjp4uxk; (jp7wu-a,l ach of the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electron in th0yq)enn xr3j.0jaul* e decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the enerkgq9.q6 ta e1 0 x00xjipgdo0lgy width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of 6o9zfpj z9j 3:z+dd bnl7oso6the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of the y:u-: ( dqo1 di7rfahd$J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (y n; 5mjpf75 zi:mzu*bor uncertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those th eldh ,-k84klfat are forbidden, explain which lawl dk4hk ,-e8fls are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a neutronjb 8/tp*k f;mq(m rqy-,qwkw ,, (b) an antineutron, (c) kwq*tqm- qy8j;/,kmbw,p(f r a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following s9,qsaf gtv3 3agff,zds*6*:fceiq0 quark combinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combinat34 o-.l+zj d0mio wfm zd1c/jvion needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman dia+63 r hkk8zwh (8q.rdveruh. sgram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reaction k r (q83d.hhk 8+.rwzr6hesv u$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the reac vb w; o )36ieqss*9j:iebey8ro6 5qdntion $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a prt:r,av sb9mb gt j2y3bhk-x2+ oton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wavele+syrbmkg 9 ,h2xt -:bbvj3at2ngth?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatroml 1kntk b8 b,oh9ik,x1hs-: xn with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revol hnx1,k1tm, shlb-b8ik x9ko:ution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and a positron anb o,tb ivyw 2q4mp ,ir-bk0y/vn4xz8(nihilate each othbqi2bb/xr z(0 ,w yv4n-8 ivt,y okpm4er? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by bckwj0;-s /xg what interaction could they occur? For thosegjwx ck /s;-0b forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by whqxyt zefnj; +*g68 d5b f7rm1pat interaction could they occur? For tht71qpmzyxnr8j +ge*; 6 d f5fbose forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a h,uwdkt pauac4yfia 3ot55:6st2p69 $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak theo29ewq dwi - k7va1k9qery at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for pr. 5 fv qrhnu5cxo2*+c5apcz1ooducing a pion. u1c 5nhco*zafprq+x 55.2c ov $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the*1q q obf.cf6vcis0y,b r)k42a tar1r reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a watersub2 nx d9:w4:4e9jqxktcr)1 b zday( molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest and produce two pion9g o 7u3j.4 bb aa75een7gybtcs, j7 .nbtc7o5gb4 7uagye a9e3b $\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called d4i1ozf r-pu ;h*u0rtunification distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, measured in z2 8cw4ma 2i0 w;i6tu wuks,nwa reference frame where the particle is at rest. If wicw 0, miuw;22 6nw8ztua4ska tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following reacti2ybpbzv3);g97y a jh wons.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to descvu59(bvkmw *u(f ; bytribe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed of lykws; iz owj7s k(6oml m78g2 h6g/mh8ight $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?