The diagram shows the haploid number of chromosomes 3oh.g;f *1xbk bm lo4ain a gamete. What could be the polym oo. *l34fbx1hkgab; ploid number of chromosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in pbxn vx8o3 ow2(ed4,m terms of bones and muscles, is similar to t ve x(bo,3n4mp8xw2o dhe overall structure of the limb of horses. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the stronges*9wcmk+v4 a dgbr;t/o t evidence supporting the hypothesis that two populations are two diffe+d ; 4vkor mga/wbct9*rent species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) sig9e cbuues k,8* yc,f5lcg7-eynals to potential female mates by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light patterns produced by their own spe7f-ybu geeyclk e9u8c* c,5s,cies.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among organisms living int x.vb 8w lxa/,m);pym the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differences between isolating g*6yaf *z6.th;65 hsmbi myoy mechanisms in sgtiz6h6b mamoys y5*yf ; *.h6ympatric and allopatric speciation?

  Which of the following are often barriers to hybridisation betwee6is n8c7js2n:s4yt pj n species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homologous and analogous structures?zw.yv:5ewbto at 4y/ ,- igx2o

  The table shows factors that can result in speciation. Which word if z/h8//:xv db icr3k0dcjp:l b* 4hmxs matched to thjch*:/m :zrk bx ci//bl hpd3xv d08f4e correct definition?

  Shown in diagrams A ang .4db9gtwr3; yx co2ciq)wqq z9xt-,d B are two pairs of similar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usua8u; axj kag ,o)(07-+: csy djmsfudoolly occur during the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and was the firstt/ s,k9pbci d, domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a results kc9p,d/,tbi of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a population xij nhlt,boq*:*l(+ eof the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulti+:(th*qo je,nx *il lbng in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evolution through select*h *o-bifu9u iive breediniub **if9 -huog?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between tw7ks e130rysl k4mbxl /o species was found to be 78% the same, while the order o 7k4lrssm1/ k0xleyb3f amino acids found in the same cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and a donkey, which has 62 chromosomes mla/s0 l,mv ;;7ruvncz4wsl( revncw7rl,( 0ms/a ulv; z4lsm;produce, a mule offspring is produced. Which are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on t(.n)22bz cfcygp qm )hhe effect of hormonal contraception pollution on the mating calls of the adult male Afr)()ghz.ccm2bpf2 q y nican clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiat8fqv/pv g ,tx(ion?

  Which statement best illu t6.ond)ia7 4x vl 5dknjlc5z+strates the process of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (gen408z pbd4 rhd2cbp px4udm( y/us Persicaria) hybridise and form a new species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a bz40 p/c d4bup mydd(2 p8xr4hdaughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrau6;cp( b,ijw *fiyg /est natural selection and selective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results in reproduc6;qs ahb*jr.t(eau (v+nm(g(e hvww* tive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct de-;lh)pie gn* qhl* s*yvo4oi.scription of a given speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four sphhm27tv1thlugr+ p )(ecies of warbler (genus Setophaga). What is the 7phh 1tht (2+) grvulmbest explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single anx.+;p-hnqz2kaw th m) ,*hiiz:k fw q7cestral species evolving into multiple, closely relatedf,p it. h kmh+ziza7 2;):-*knwqhxqw new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.